Method and apparatus for searching electromagnetic disturbing source and non-contact voltage probe apparatus therefor

ABSTRACT

Voltages and currents of electromagnetic interference developed in cables or the like electrically connected to pieces of electronic equipment are respectively measured by non-contact voltage probes and non-contact current probes both of which have double coaxial cylindrical type inner and outer electrodes and wherein the outer electrode is grounded and a voltage output under capacitive coupling is taken out from the inner electrode. An effective component of energy of each propagating electromagnetic interference is calculated from the result of the measurements. An invading route of each electromagnetic interference is specified from the magnitude of the energy and the direction in which the energy flows. While the pieces of electronic equipment are being placed under operating conditions, the behavior of the electromagnetic interference can be accurately recognized and the invading route of each electromagnetic interference can be quantitatively specified according to a physical quantity.

This application is a divisional application of Ser. No. 08/627,280,filed Apr. 4, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,949,230.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a non-contact voltage probe apparatusfor searching for an electromagnetic disturbing source.

A method of specifying an electromagnetic interference invading route,which is proposed by the present invention, can be used to solve EMC(Electromagnetic Compatibility) problems that arise in electronicequipment, such as in telecommunication equipment, an informationprocessing apparatus, etc. The utilization of the method according tothe present invention makes it possible to specify the invading routewith which the electromagnetic interference invades the equipment. As aresult, effective countermeasures can be taken against theelectromagnetic interference, and the electromagnetic interferencesource can be specified. Thus, the present method makes it useful tosolve EMC problems. Further, because the determination of theinterference invading route, which has heretofore depended on theexperience and particular knowledge of the problem, can be objectivelyperformed according to a physical quantity, even inexperienced users caneasily determine the interference invading route.

2. Description of the Prior Art

With advances in semiconductor technology, information telecommunicationequipment is now advancing in the areas of high density, highintegration, and low-voltage driving. Further, the number of connectingcables for providing electrical connections between a plurality ofpieces of equipment has increased, and the configuration of theconnections between the equipment has become complicated. Therefore, aphenomenon has occurred in which common mode electromagneticinterference induced between the cable connected to the equipment andthe earth or ground or the like propagates through the cables andinvades the equipment, thereby causing failures in the equipment. Withthe advanced large scale system, in particular, the public isinconvenienced when the equipment produces this type of trouble, whichalso tends to occur with the advanced low-voltage driving. Theelectromagnetic interference that propagates through the cables or thelike, is called "conducted interference." The prevention of equipmentfailure due to the conducted interference has become a significantproblem.

According to the "IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and ElectronicsTerms," the term common mode interference is defined as "Interferencethat appears between both signal leads and a common reference plane(ground) and causes the potential of both sides of the propagation pathto be changed simultaneously and by the same amount relative to thecommon reference plane (ground)." The term common mode voltage is themean of the phasor voltages appearing between respective conductors anda specified reference (usually, ground or earth). In contrast, the termdifferential mode interference is defined as "Interference that causesthe potential of one side of the signal propagation path to be changedrelative to the other side." The term differential mode voltage is thevoltage between any two of a specified set of active conductors.

As part of the countermeasures to be taken against such conductedinterference, an apparatus is required which measures the voltage andcurrent of the interference entered therein and accurately recognizes aninterference invading route and an interference level. By specifying anelectromagnetic interference source as a cause of the equipment failure,an effective countermeasure can be taken, and the cause of the failurecan be removed.

The measurement of the voltage and current of the interference underservice and operational conditions is necessary to grasp the situationwith regard to the malfunctions due to the interference.

It is therefore necessary to use a voltage probe capable of efficientlymeasuring conducted interference propagated through the cable, and, inparticular, measuring a common mode voltage developed between the cableand the ground. Further, the voltage probe should measure the commonmode voltage with ease, with satisfactory accuracy, and without theinfluence of the interference on communication signals under serviceconditions.

As one method of measuring the voltage, a non-contact voltage probeusing capacitive coupling to the cable has been discussed. Withcapacitive coupling, however, the sensitivity of the probe could beunstable depending on the internal position of the cable and thecapacitance between the cable and a surrounding metal body. Inparticular, the stray capacitance occurring between the cable and thesurrounding metal body varies according to surrounding conditions.Therefore, the sensitivity of the probe greatly varies, and the probe issusceptible to the potential of the surrounding metal body.

FIG. 17A shows a conventional non-contact voltage probe apparatus. Inthe drawing, reference numerals 201A, 202, 203 and 204 respectivelyindicate a cylindrical electrode, a jig for fixing a cable 220, a highinput impedance voltage probe, and a level meter. As shown in FIG. 17A,the cylindrical electrode 201A produces capacitive coupling between ametal body 230, such as a grounded metal cabinet 230, and a cable 221 orthe like. In FIG. 17B, an equivalent circuit free of ambient influencesis shown. A voltage V_(p) output from the probe 203 is given by thefollowing equation (1):

    V.sub.p =jωCR.sub.p /{1+jωR.sub.p (C+C.sub.p)}×V(1)

where V, C, R_(p) and C_(p) respectively indicate the voltage inducedbetween the cable 220 and ground, the capacitance between the cable 220and the cylindrical electrode 201A, the input resistance of a the highinput impedance voltage probe 203, and the input capacitance of the highinput impedance voltage probe 203.

Now, assume that C_(q) is the capacitance between the reinforcing barsfor a building or a grounded metal cabinet 230 or the like and thecylindrical electrode 201A. Also, assume that a voltage V_(x) exists inanother cable 221 or the like, and that a capacitance C_(x) couples thecable 221 and the cylindrical electrode 201A. In FIG. 17C, an equivalentcircuit is shown. As can be seen from this equivalent circuit, thesensitivity of the probe varies according to the capacitances C_(x) andC_(x), and the influence of the voltage V_(x) is included in a voltageV_(p) ' Thus, a large error is caused when measuring the voltage V.

The non-contact voltage probe apparatus of the prior art has thefollowing problems in terms of the above description, which result in aninability to accurately reproduce voltage measurements.

(1) According to the ambient conditions of the electrode 201A, thevalues C_(x) and C_(q) of the stray capacitances vary, and thesensitivity of the non-contact voltage probe apparatus varies.

(2) The non-contact voltage probe apparatus is susceptible to thevoltage developed in the surrounding cable 221.

Moreover, measuring current using a current probe has previously beenused to measure conducted interference propagating through a cable toinvade equipment. However, the decision as to where the interferenceinvades greatly depends on the engineer's experiences. It is thereforedifficult to accurately specify an interference invading route. Evenwhen resonances occurs, an attempt to specify the invading route bycomparing the magnitudes of currents, for example, may be incorrectbecause the value of the current flowing into the position where theinterference invades is not always maximum. For this reason, theinvading route cannot be determined from the result of this comparison.Further, the determination of the direction of the current flow, otherthan d.c. current flow, also has difficulties, and the propagationdirection of the electromagnetic interference cannot be specified inthis manner either. Therefore, the decision as to the invading routedepends on a measurer's experiences, and hence the invading route isoften misjudged. As such, the invading route cannot be specifiedaccurately, and thus it is difficult to determine the interferencesource causing the equipment failure.

Alternatively, a method for determining the interference invading routeby connecting and disconnecting a cable connected to the equipment hasalso been proposed. Since, however, deactivation of the equipment andcutting or the like of the cable are necessary, the influence ofinterference under actual conditions cannot be judged with accuracy.

Further, when a plurality of interferences have invaded, searching forthe interference source by connecting and disconnecting pieces of thecable likewise can not be achieved under actual conditions.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

With the foregoing, it is therefore an object of the present inventionto provide an improvement in the method for specifying anelectromagnetic interference invading route to the equipment. Thismethod has heretofore been executed either according to the engineer'sexperiences and knowledge or by connecting and disconnecting a cable. Inother words, the present invention provides a method of and apparatusfor accurately recognizing the behavior of electromagnetic interferenceand quantitatively specifying an invading route of the electromagneticinterference while the equipment is being kept in an operating state.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a method of andan apparatus for separating and searching for a plurality ofinterferences.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a non-contactvoltage probe apparatus operated stably, with excellent reproducibility,and for minimizing the influence of stray capacitances due to thecircumstances surrounding the probe apparatus.

According to the first aspect of the present invention, there isprovided a method of specifying invading routes of electromagneticinterference, comprising the steps of:

measuring voltages and currents of electromagnetic interferencedeveloped in a plurality of cables electrically connected to pieces ofelectronic equipment by voltage and current probes, respectively;

calculating an effective component of energy of the each electromagneticinterference from the result of measurements; and

specifying the invading route of the each electromagnetic interferencefrom the direction in which the calculated energy flows.

Here, the invading route of each electromagnetic interference may bespecified based on the magnitude of the energy calculated for each cableand the direction of flow of the energy.

For the case where the polarity of the current probe may be sodetermined that the current probe generates a positive output inresponse to the electromagnetic interference entering into theelectronic equipment:

when the sign of the energy calculated for a given cable of theplurality of cables is positive, the electromagnetic interference isdetermined as being propagated through the cable in the direction inwhich the electromagnetic interference enters into the electronicequipment, and when the sign of the energy is negative, theelectromagnetic interference is determined as being propagated throughthe cable in the direction in which the electromagnetic interferenceexits from the electronic equipment.

For the case where the polarity of the current probe may be sodetermined that the current probe generates a positive output inresponse to the electromagnetic interference exiting from the electronicequipment:

when the sign of the energy calculated for a given cable of theplurality of cables is positive, the electromagnetic interference isdetermined as being propagated through the cable in the direction inwhich the electromagnetic interference exits from the electronicequipment, and when the sign of the energy is negative, theelectromagnetic interference is determined as being propagated throughthe cable in the direction in which the electromagnetic interferenceenters into the electronic equipment.

It may be determined that the electromagnetic interference invades acable where the magnitude of the calculated energy is at maximum, andthrough which the calculated energy propagates toward the electronicequipment.

The voltage and current of each electromagnetic interference may berespectively measured by non-contact voltage and current probes so as toallow an electromagnetic interference invading route to be specifiedwhen the electronic equipment is in operation.

Waveforms of a voltage and a current of each electromagneticinterference may be measured in the time domain, and the energy of theinterference may be calculated from the following computationalexpression, using the measured voltage waveform v(t) and currentwaveform i(t): ##EQU1## where V(ω_(i)) and I(ω_(i)) respectivelyindicate complex Fourier-transformed components calculated from themeasured waveforms of voltage v(t) and current i(t), and * indicates thecomplex conjugate thereof.

The absolute values of a voltage and a current of each electromagneticinterference and a phase difference between them may be measured, andthe energy of the interference may be calculated from the followingcomputational expression, using the measured voltage V(ω)) and currentI(ω): ##EQU2## where V(ω_(i)) and I(ω_(i)) respectively indicate voltageand current components of the measured frequency ω_(i) ofelectromagnetic interference, and * indicates the complex conjugatethereof.

The value of the energy of each electromagnetic interference may bedetermined by the following computational expression:

    ∫v(t)i(t)dt

The energy of each electromagnetic interference may be measured by apower measuring device.

When the sign of the calculated energy is positive, the energy flow maybe determined as being propagated in the direction of polarity identicalto the polarity of the current probe, and when the sign of thecalculated energy is negative, the energy flow may be determined asbeing propagated in the direction of polarity opposite to the polarityof the current probe.

When the sign of the calculated energy is positive, the energy may bedetermined as being propagated in the direction identical to thepolarity of the current probe, and when the sign of the energy isnegative, the energy may be determined as being propagated in thedirection of polarity opposite to the polarity of the current probe. Aroute extending in the direction of the entrance of the energy into theequipment, to which the energy propagates under the maximum magnitude ofenergy, is determined to be an invading route.

A route extending in the direction of entrance of the energy into theequipment, to which the energy propagates under the maximum magnitude ofenergy, may be determined to be an invading route.

According to the second aspect of the present invention, there isprovided an apparatus for searching for an electromagnetic interferencesource, comprising:

a plurality of non-contact voltage probes respectively connected innon-contact with a plurality of cables connected to pieces of electronicequipment;

a plurality of non-contact current probes respectively connected innon-contact with the plurality of cables;

means for inputting therein a voltage and a current of theelectromagnetic interference source both measured by voltage and currentprobes connected to the same cable of the plurality of cables andcalculating an effective component of energy of each electromagneticinterference source; and

means for specifying an invading route of each electromagneticinterference source from the direction in which the calculated energyflows.

The apparatus may further comprise:

means for specifying an invading route of the electromagneticinterference source from the magnitude of each calculated energy and thedirection of flow thereof.

The specifying means may further include means for determining theelectromagnetic interference source as being propagated through a givencable of the plurality of cables. For the case where the polarity of thecurrent probe is so determined that the current probe generates apositive output in response to the electromagnetic interference enteringinto the electronic equipment:

when the sign of the energy calculated for a given cable of theplurality of cables is positive, the electromagnetic interference isdetermined as being propagated through the cable in the direction inwhich the electromagnetic interference enters into the electronicequipment, and when the sign of the energy is negative, theelectromagnetic interference is determined as being propagated throughthe cable in the direction in which the electromagnetic interferenceexits from the electronic equipment.

For the case where the polarity of the current probe is so determinedthat the current probe generates a positive output in response to theelectromagnetic interference exiting from the electronic equipment:

when the sign of the energy calculated for a given cable of theplurality of cables is positive, the electromagnetic interference isdetermined as being propagated through the cable in the direction inwhich the electromagnetic interference exits from the electronicequipment, and when the sign of the energy is negative, theelectromagnetic interference is determined as being propagated throughthe cable in the direction in which the electromagnetic interferenceenters into the electronic equipment.

The apparatus may further comprise:

means for determining that the electromagnetic interference invades acable where the magnitude of the calculated energy is at maximum, andthrough which the calculated energy propagates toward the electronicequipment.

Waveforms of a voltage and a current of each electromagneticinterference source may be measured in the time domain by the voltageand current probes connected to each cable, and the energy of theelectromagnetic interference source may be calculated from the followingcomputational expression, using the voltage waveform v(t) and currentwaveform i(t) measured by the calculating means: ##EQU3## where V(ω_(i))and I(ω_(i)) respectively indicate complex Fourier-transformedcomponents calculated from the measured waveforms of voltage v(t) andcurrent i(t), and * indicates the complex conjugate thereof.

The apparatus may further comprise:

means for measuring waveforms V(t) and I(t) of a voltage and a current,respectively, of each electromagnetic interference source in the timedomain by the voltage and current probes and converting the measuredwaveforms V(t) and I(t) from those in the time domain to those in thefrequency domain by Fourier transformation thereby to obtain a voltageV(ω_(i)) and a current I(ω_(i)); and

wherein the energy of the electromagnetic interference source iscalculated from the following computational expression using the voltageV(ω) and the current I(ω) by the calculating means: ##EQU4## whereV(ω_(i)) and I(ω_(i)) respectively indicate voltage and currentcomponents of the frequency ω_(i) of electromagnetic interferencesource, and * indicates the complex conjugate thereof.

The apparatus may further comprise:

at least one means for measuring the absolute values of the voltage andcurrent of each electromagnetic interference source in the frequencydomain and a phase difference between the voltage and current, themeasuring means including:

a non-contact voltage probe connected in non-contact with a cableconnected to a piece of electronic equipment;

a non-contact current probe connected in non-contact with the cable; and

means for inputting therein a voltage and a current of eachelectromagnetic interference source, both of which are measured by thevoltage and current probes connected to the same cable of the pluralityof cables;

means for calculating the energy of the electromagnetic interferencesource from the following computational expression based on the measuredabsolute values and phase difference: ##EQU5## where V(ω_(i)) andI(ω_(i)) respectively indicate voltage and current components of themeasured frequency ω_(i) of the electromagnetic interference source,and * indicates the complex conjugate thereof; and

means for specifying an invading route of the electromagneticinterference source from the direction in which the calculated energyflows.

The energy of the electromagnetic interference source may be determinedfrom the following computational expression by the calculating meansbased on the waveforms V(t) and I(t) of the voltage and current,respectively, of the electromagnetic interference source, both of whichare measured in the time domain by the voltage and current probes:

    ∫v(t)i(t)dt

The apparatus may further comprise:

at least one power measuring device for measuring the energy of theelectromagnetic interference source, the power measuring deviceincluding:

a non-contact voltage probe connected in non-contact with a cableconnected to a piece of electronic equipment;

a non-contact current probe connected in non-contact with the cable; and

means for inputting therein a voltage and a current of eachelectromagnetic interference source, both of which are measured byvoltage and current probes connected to the same cable of the pluralityof cables; and

means for specifying an invading route of the electromagneticinterference source from the direction in which the calculated energyflows.

The apparatus may further comprise:

means for displaying the energy of the electromagnetic interferencesource calculated by the calculating means in the form of a frequencyspectrum.

The specifying means may comprise means for determining the energy beingpropagated in the direction identical to the polarity of the currentprobe when the sign of the calculated energy is positive, determiningthe energy being propagated in the direction opposite to the polarity ofthe current probe when the sign of the energy is negative, anddetermining, as an invading route, a route extending in the direction ofentrance of the energy into the equipment to which the energy propagatesunder the maximum magnitude of energy.

A route extending in the direction of entrance of the energy into theequipment to which the energy propagates under the maximum magnitude ofenergy may be determined to be an invading route.

According to the third aspect of the present invention, there isprovided an apparatus for searching for an electro-magnetic interferencesource, comprising:

means for measuring, in the time domain, waveforms of a voltage and acurrent of the electromagnetic interference source developed in each ofthe cables connected to electronic equipment;

means for recording the measured waveforms of the voltage and currenttherein;

means for converting the measured waveforms of the voltage and currentinto waveforms of the voltage and current in the frequency domainrespectively;

means for calculating energy for each frequency, based on the voltageand current waveforms in the frequency domain; and

means for displaying the energy calculated for each frequency in theform of the positive and negative polarities of the energy and themagnitude thereof so as to correspond to coordinates indicative of eachfrequency.

The apparatus may further comprise:

means for determining the electromagnetic interference source asfollows: (1) for the case where the polarity of the current probe is sodetermined that the current probe generates a positive output inresponse to the electromagnetic interference entering into theelectronic equipment:

when the sign of the energy calculated for a given cable of theplurality of cables at each frequency is positive, the electromagneticinterference is determined as being propagated through the cable in thedirection in which the electromagnetic interference enters into theelectronic equipment, and when the sign of the energy is negative, theelectromagnetic interference is determined as being propagated throughthe cable in the direction in which the electromagnetic interferenceexits from the electronic equipment; and(2) for the case where thepolarity of the current probe is so determined that the current probegenerates a positive output in response to the electromagneticinterference exiting from the electronic equipment:

when the sign of the energy calculated for a given cable of theplurality of cables at each frequency is positive, the electromagneticinterference is determined as being propagated through the cable in thedirection in which the electromagnetic interference exits from theelectronic equipment, and when the sign of the energy is negative, theelectromagnetic interference is determined as being propagated throughthe cable in the direction in which the electromagnetic interferenceenters into the electronic equipment.

Here, the measuring means may have non-contact voltage and currentprobes.

The waveforms of the voltage and current of the electromagneticinterference source may be measured in the time domain by the voltageand current probes, and the energy of the electromagnetic interferencesource may be calculated from the following computational expression,using the voltage waveform v(t) and current waveform i(t) measured bythe calculating means: ##EQU6## where V(ω_(i)) and I(ω_(i)) respectivelyindicate complex Fourier-transformed components calculated from themeasured waveforms of is voltage v(t) and current i(t), and * indicatesthe complex conjugate thereof.

The apparatus may further comprise:

means for measuring waveforms V(t) and I(t) of the voltage and currentof the electromagnetic interference source in the time domain by thevoltage and current probes and converting the measured waveforms V(t)and I(t) from data in the time domain to data in the frequency domain byFourier transformation thereby to obtain a voltage V(ω_(i)) and acurrent I(ω_(i)); and

wherein the energy of the electromagnetic interference source iscalculated from the following computational expression using the voltageV(ω_(i)) and the current I(ω_(i)) by the calculating means: ##EQU7##where V(ω_(i)) and I(ω_(i)) respectively indicate voltage and currentcomponents of the measured frequency ω_(i) of electromagneticinterference source, and * indicates the complex conjugate thereof.

According to the fourth aspect of the present invention, there isprovided a non-contact voltage probe apparatus comprising:

a cylindrical inner electrode;

a coaxial cylindrical outer electrode coaxially provided outside thecylindrical inner electrode so as to surround the cylindrical innerelectrode;

a cable fixing member disposed inside the cylindrical inner electrode,for allowing a cable to be measured to penetrate therein and holding thecable therein;

voltage detecting means having a high input impedance, the voltagedetecting means being electrically connected to the cylindrical innerelectrode; and

means for connecting the coaxial cylindrical outer electrode to groundof the voltage detecting means.

Here, plastic or a foamed material having low dielectric constant may bedisposed between the cylindrical inner electrode and the coaxialcylindrical outer electrode.

The inner and outer electrodes and the cable fixing member may be madeup of two half portions having semi-cylindrical shapes obtained bydividing an integral construction of the inner and outer electrodes andthe cable fixing member into two, and the two half portions may becapable of being electrically and mechanically coupled to each other soas to allow the cable to be interposed inside the cable fixing member.

Portions of the two half portions, which constitute the cylindricalinner electrode, and portions of the two half portions, which constitutethe coaxial cylindrical outer electrode, may be connected to one anotherby a repetitive flexion-resistant conductor.

The two half portions may be electrically and mechanically coupled toeach other with hinges or electrical contacts.

The voltage detecting means may be a high input impedance voltage probehaving active elements.

The present invention has been described in detail with respect topreferred embodiments, and changes and modifications may be made withoutdeparting from the invention in its broader aspects. It is theintention, therefore, that the appended claims cover all such changesand modifications as fall within the true spirit of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

While the specification concludes with claims particularly pointing outand distinctly claiming the subject matter which is regarded as theinvention, it is believed that the invention, the objects, features andadvantages thereof will be better . understood from the followingdescription taken in connection with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a configuration explanatory view showing a first embodiment ofthe present invention;

FIG. 2 is an explanatory view illustrating an example of a furtherspecific configuration of the first embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 3A and 3B are characteristic diagrams depicting an example of themagnitudes of voltages and currents supplied to respective cablesemployed in the first embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a characteristic diagram illustrating an example of the resultof calculation of energy applied to the individual cables shown in FIG.3;

FIG. 5 is a configuration explanatory view showing a second embodimentof the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a characteristic diagram illustrating an example of a methodof directly determining energy, according to the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a configuration explanatory view showing a third embodiment ofthe present invention;

FIG. 8 is a flowchart for explaining a procedure for executing a methodof specifying an interference invading route, which is employed in thefirst embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a flowchart for explaining a procedure for executing a methodof specifying an interference invading route, which is employed in thethird embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 10 is an explanatory view showing an example of a usage pattern ofa fourth embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 11 is a block diagram showing the configuration of the fourthembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 12 is a characteristic diagram illustrating an example of thedisplay of interference energy by the fourth embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 13 is a flowchart for explaining an example of a procedure forcalculating energy by a fifth embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 14 is a diagram explaining the relationship between FIGS. 14A and14B;

FIGS. 14A and 14B are respectively flowcharts for explaining an exampleof a procedure for calculating energy by a fifth embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIGS. 15A through 15J are respectively explanatory views showing casesobtained by dividing a combination of the power and direction of energyat Step 9 shown in FIGS. 14A and 14B;

FIG. 16 is a flowchart for describing an example of a determiningprocedure in a frequency domain, which is employed in a sixth embodimentof the present invention; FIG. 17A is a perspective view showing theconfiguration of a conventional non-contact voltage probe apparatus;

FIGS. 17B and 17C are respectively equivalent circuit diagrams of thenon-contact voltage probe apparatus shown in FIG. 17A;

FIG. 17D is an equivalent circuit diagram of a non-contact voltage probeapparatus according to a seventh embodiment of the present invention,which is shown in contrast with FIG. 17C;

FIG. 18 is a configuration explanatory view illustrating the non-contactvoltage probe apparatus shown in FIG. 17D;

FIG. 19 is an equivalent circuit diagram of the non-contact voltageprobe apparatus shown in FIG. 18;

FIGS. 20A and 20B are respectively sectional and front views showing anon-contact voltage probe apparatus according to an eighth embodiment ofthe present invention;

FIGS. 21A and 21B are respectively cross-sectional views taken alongline a-a' of FIG. 20B;

FIG. 22 is a diagram illustrating a frequency response of the eighthembodiment of the present invention; and

FIGS. 23A and 23B are respectively front and side views showing theconfiguration of a ninth embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Embodiments of the present invention will hereinafter be described indetail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

First Embodiment

FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment of the present invention at the timethat electromagnetic interference has invaded pieces of electronicequipment. In FIG. 1, reference numerals 1 and 2 indicate electronicequipment respectively. Reference numerals 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 respectivelyindicate cables or the like electrically connected to the electronicequipment 1 and 2. Reference numerals 8 and 9a respectively indicate asource for inducing electromagnetic interference and the inducedelectromagnetic interference. Further, reference numerals 9b, 9c and 9drespectively indicate interference that propagates through theelectronic equipment 2. Reference numerals 10 indicate respectivelycurrent probe apparatuses from which positive voltages are output to adevice 23 for measuring voltages and currents of incoming interferencewhen currents flow in the directions indicated by the arrows inside thecurrent probe apparatuses 10. Reference numerals 11 indicate voltageprobe apparatuses respectively. In the present embodiment, any of theprobe apparatuses 10 and 11 can be of the non-contact type. Inparticular, the voltage probe apparatus has a cylindrical electrode aswill be described later in FIG. 18. A non-contact voltage probeapparatus for detecting a voltage through capacitive coupling is used asthe voltage probe apparatus 11 and is constructed so as to be able tomeasure the voltage when the equipment is under operating conditions. Asshown in FIG. 1, the interference 9a induced in the cable or the like 6from the induction source 8 propagates between the cable or the like 6and ground and toward the electronic equipment 2 in a common mode. Theinterference 9a that invaded the electronic equipment 2 exerts aninfluence on electronic circuits in the electronic equipment 2 so thatthe electronic equipment 2 fails to function normally. The invadedrespective interference is propagated through other cables or the like5, 4 and 7 connected to the electronic equipment 1 and 2 in the form ofthe interference 9b, 9c and 9d. When one attempts to make a decision asto an invading route on the basis of the magnitude of a current obtainedfrom the result of a measurement of each interference by theconventional current probe apparatus, e.g., when resonance occurs in thecable or the like 4 in the drawing, the magnitude of the current flowingthrough the cable or the like 4 becomes greater than that in the cableor the like 6, so that an incorrect invading route is specified. In thepresent invention, however, the direction of the flow of energy can beDetermined by measuring the voltage and current of each of theinterferences 9a through 9d with the measuring device 23 and determiningthe energy thereof, and thereby making it possible to judge thedirection in which the interference travels. Since energy does notincrease, even upon resonance, due to the conservation of energy, it ispossible to eliminate the influence of increases of current or voltageon the resonance. The measuring device 23 can be constructed in a mannersimilar to an interference searching apparatus 101 as shown in FIG. 10.

FIG. 2 shows another specific example of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1.In the present specific example, the voltage and current of eachinterference are measured in the time domain, and the measured voltageand current are Fourier-transformed. Thereafter, the energy or power ofeach interference is calculated. In FIG. 2, reference numeral 12indicates a main apparatus for small telecommunication equipment.Reference numeral 13 indicates a device for applying interference tocable in the common mode. Reference numerals 14 and 15 indicatetelecommunication terminals respectively. Reference numerals 16, 17 and18 indicate telecommunication cables respectively. Reference numeral 19indicates a power cable. Further, reference numeral 20 indicates anacrylic plate used to isolate the telecommunication equipment from theground. Reference numeral 21 indicates a copper plate for providing theground. Reference numeral 22 indicates an interference generator.Reference numeral 23 indicates an instrument device for measuring thevoltage and current of each interference and the energy thereof, whichis, for example, a combination of a digital oscilloscope capable ofrecording the waveform of each interference therein and a controllingand computing apparatus such as a computer.

FIG. 8 shows Steps S1 through S10 for describing the whole flow of amethod of specifying an interference invading route, which is employedin the aforementioned embodiment.

As shown in FIG. 2, the application device 13 allows interferencegenerated from the interference generator 22 to pass through thetelecommunication cable 17 in the direction of the main apparatus 12 soas to be applied between the telecommunication cable 17 and the copperplate 21 (in the common mode). Namely, the telecommunication cable 17 inthe present embodiment simulates an interference invading cable. Thecurrent probe apparatuses 10 and the voltage probe apparatuses 11 areinstalled in their corresponding cables 17, 18 and 19 so that thedirection of the flow of current into the main apparatus 12 is taken aspositive (S1).

The current probe apparatuses 10 and the voltage probe apparatuses 11installed in their corresponding cables 17, 18 and 19 respectivelydetect waveforms of common-mode voltages and currents supplied to thetelecommunication cables 17 and 18 and the power cable 19 and supply thedetected voltages and currents to the digital oscilloscope of themeasuring device 23 where the energy of interference is calculated inaccordance with Steps S2 through S5 in FIG. 8. Owing to the setting ofthe direction of each current, the direction of energy flow, i.e., thedirection in which each current flows into the main apparatus 12 and thedirection in which each current flows out from the main apparatus 12,are respectively taken as positive and negative. The result ofmeasurements of the current and voltage in a frequency domain, i.e., theresult of measurements of them at the time that the interference has asinusoidal wave and the frequency of the interference is set as 10 kHz,50 kHz, 100 kHz, 500 kHz and 1000 kHz is shown in FIG. 3. The resultobtained by calculating energy from the result shown in FIGS. 3A and 3Bare shown in FIG. 4. As can be seen from the result of the measurementsshown in FIGS. 3A and 3B the values of the current or voltage at thetelecommunication cable 17 corresponding to the invading route are notalways maximum. Thus, it is difficult to specify the invading route fromthe results in FIGS. 3A and 3B.

Now, note the flow of energy of each interference. The value of theenergy is calculated as follows. An effective component of the energy(power) of a sinusoidal signal having a single frequency is calculatedfrom the following equation (2):

    P=1/2{V'I*+V'I*}                                           (2)

where V and I respectively represent the phaser voltage and current ofthe interference, and V* and I* respectively represent the complexconjugate thereof.

The interference is not normally a sinewave having a single frequencybut includes various frequency components. Therefore, the waveforms ofthe interference voltage and current which have been measured in thetime domain at Step S2, are Fourier-transformed (FFT) into data in thefrequency domain (S3). The result of Fourier transformation represents amagnitude and a phase of the measured voltage and current of eachfrequency component. Since a value of computed energy is zero betweenthe voltage and current at different frequencies, the interferenceenergy is represented as the sum of the energies calculated at everyfrequency that constitutes the interference. Accordingly, the energy ofa desired waveform can be calculated in accordance with the followingequation (3): ##EQU8## where V(ω_(i)) and I(ω_(i))respectively indicatecomplex Fourier-transformed components calculated from the waveforms ofthe measured voltage v(t) and current i(t), and * indicates the complexconjugate thereof. The energy of the interference propagated througheach cable is calculated from data measured from each cable usingequation (3), and the magnitude or level of the energy and the directionof propagation thereof are determined, whereby the flow of energy ofeach interference can be recognized.

A calculating procedure will be described below.

1) The measured waveforms of interference voltage and current areconverted from the time domain to the frequency domain by Fouriertransformation (FFT) (S3).

2) The sensitivity of each probe apparatus is corrected (S4) and theeffective component of the measured energy of each cable is calculatedusing equation (3) (S5).

3) The energy assumes a positive or negative value due to the setting ofthe polarity of the current probe apparatus. Namely, if the sign of thecalculated energy is found to be positive (+) at Step S6, then thepropagation direction of the energy is identical to the direction towhich each current probe apparatus is set, and the routine procedureproceeds to Step S7. If the sign of the calculated energy is found to benegative (-) then the propagation direction of the energy is opposite tothe direction to which the current probe apparatus is set, and theroutine procedure proceeds to Step S9. At Step S9, comparisons are madebetween the magnitudes of the calculated energies. At the next Step S10,the invading route of each interference is specified based on the resultof the comparisons in magnitude and direction determined from the signof the energy. Namely, the route where the maximum energy propagatingtoward the main apparatus is determined to be an invading route.

It is apparent from the result of the calculation of the measuredwaveform data in FIG. 4 that the sign of the calculated energy is takenas positive for the telecommunication cable 17 alone. Due to the settingof the polarity of the current probes, it can be deduced that theinvading route of the interference is the telecommunication cable 17.The direction of the invading route coincides with the direction of theenergy in an actual measurement system. Thus, the method according tothe present invention revealed that the invading route of eachinterference could be specified.

Second Embodiment

An embodiment of the present invention, which is considered to beeffective on a continuous wave in particular, is shown in FIG. 5. InFIG. 5, the same structural elements as those shown in FIG. 1 areidentified by like reference numerals, and their description willtherefore be omitted. In the present embodiment, the absolute values ofeach interference voltage and current in a frequency domain and thephase difference between the two are measured. The energy of eachinterference is calculated from the result of the measurements. Thus, inthe present embodiment, a phase-difference measurable device such as avector voltmeter, a network analyzer or the like is used as analternative to the measuring device 23 shown in FIG. 1. Referencenumerals 24, 25, 26 and 27 shown in the present embodiment indicatevector voltmeters respectively. An effective component of the energy ofeach interference can be calculated using the equation (3) from themeasured absolute values of the interference voltage and current and themeasured phase difference. As a result, an invading route of eachinterference can be specified.

The flow of a method of specifying the invading route of eachinterference is one obtained by removing Step S3 from the flowchartshown in FIG. 8.

Third Embodiment

The present embodiment shows an embodiment particularly effective for animpulsive interference wave. As a method of directly determining energy,there is known a method of measuring current and voltage waveforms for atime during which the interference wave is produced and obtaining avalue by integrating the product of the voltage and current. Theintegrated value is determined in accordance with a method ofcalculating it by integration using an analog circuit or a method ofsampling the waveforms and calculating the integrated value from thesampled values by the following equation (4)

    ΣV(t.sub.n) I (t.sub.n)Δt                      (4)

FIG. 7 shows the third embodiment. In FIG. 7, the same structuralelements as those shown in FIG. 1 are identified by like referencenumerals, and their description will therefore be omitted. FIG. 9 showsSteps S1 through S5 indicative of the whole flow for executing a methodof specifying an interference invading route employed in the presentembodiment. In the present embodiment, probe apparatuses 28 eachcomposed of a combination of voltage and current measuring devices andan energy integration circuit are provided (S1) to measure energy(power). Power measuring devices designated at numerals 29, 30, 31 and32 respectively directly measure energies (power) of the interferencepropagated through the cables (S2). The direction of propagation of eachenergy is determined according to the sign of the measured (orcalculated) energy (S3). Further, a comparison is made between themagnitudes of the measured (or calculated) energies (S4). From theresult of this comparison, the invading route of each interference canbe specified (S5). Namely, the route having the magnitude of its energyjudged as the maximum and having its energy propagating in the directionof entering the main apparatus is judged to be an invading route.

Even in the case of single-shot interference, such as the impulsiveinterference wave, power is calculated in the frequency domain as analternative to the integration of the interference wave in the timedomain, and the propagation direction of the interference can bespecified from the frequency spectrum of the power.

According to these embodiments of the present invention, as has beendescribed above, the interference invading route can be easily specifiedby measuring the voltage and current supplied to each cable andcalculating the effective energy of each interference from the waveformsof the measured voltage and current. The easy specification of theinvading route permits facilitation of the determination of aninterference source, whereby the cause can be eliminated. Further, sincethe interference invading route becomes apparent, effectivecountermeasures against the interference can be taken. Furthermore,since attention is focused on the effective component of energy, theinfluence of resonance can be eliminated.

Further, in these embodiments, an advantageous effect can be alsobrought about in that the measurement of the voltage and current of theinterference by the non-contact probe apparatuses makes it possible tospecify the invading route of each interference while the apparatus isin operation and without disturbing the operation of the apparatus.

Fourth Embodiment

An embodiment will next be shown in FIGS. 10, 11 and 12, wherein theflows of energy from a plurality of interferences propagated through thecables connected to each equipment are recognized, and both the positiveor negative value and magnitude of energy of each frequency component ofthe interference are displayed, whereby the plurality of interferencescan be separated from each other, and the direction of invasion of theinterference corresponding to each frequency component can be searched.

FIG. 10 shows an example of a usage form of an apparatus according tothe fourth embodiment. In the drawing, reference numeral 101 indicatesan apparatus for searching for an electromagnetic interference source.Reference numeral 102 indicates a probe apparatus or measuring avoltage, such as a non-contact voltage probe apparatus as shown in thedrawing. Reference numeral 103 indicates a probe apparatus for measuringa current, such as an electromagnetic coupling type non-contact currentprobe apparatus. The use of such non-contact probe apparatuses makes itpossible to measure the voltage and current of each interference whilethe equipment is in its usual operating state. Reference numeral 104indicates a cable in which the interference occurs.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram showing the structure of the apparatus 101shown in FIG. 10. The arrows shown in the drawing represent the flow ofmeasured signal data. The probe apparatuses 102 and 103 respectivelymeasure voltage and current waveforms of an interference signal in thetime domain. These interference voltage and current waveforms in thetime domain are supplied to a measuring device 111 from whichA/D-converted measured data is obtained. The digital data indicative ofthe voltage and current waveforms obtained from the measuring device 111is recorded in a recording device 112. An arithmetic device 113calculates the energy of the interference for each frequency componentfrom the data recorded in the recording device 112. The calculatedenergy and the measured voltage and current waveforms are displayed on adisplay 114. In this case, the positive or negative value and magnitudeof the energy at each frequency component are displayed on the screenhaving coordinates for indicating the frequency. Reference numeral 115indicates a CPU for controlling the respective components 111 through114 of the apparatus 101. In FIG. 11, the voltage probe apparatus 102and the current probe apparatus 103 will be constructed as in the caseof the voltage probe apparatuses 11 and the current probe apparatuses 10shown in FIG. 1, for example. Namely, a plurality of voltage and currentprobe apparatuses attached to a plurality of cables will be collectivelyrepresented respectively. The measuring device 23 shown in FIG. 1 canalso be constructed as illustrated in FIG. 11.

The propagation direction of the interference is determined inaccordance with the following procedures under the control of the CPU115.

(a) The probe apparatuses 102 and 103 respectively measure the voltageand current of an interference signal in the time domain, and themeasuring device 111 converts the measured outputs into digital data.

(b) The arithmetic device 113 converts the data indicative of thewaveforms of the interference voltage and current from data in the timedomain to data in the frequency domain.

(c) After the properties of the probe apparatuses 102 and 103 have beencorrected by the arithmetic device 113, the arithmetic device 113calculates the measured energy on each cable for each frequencycomponent.

(d) The polarity of the current probe is set in the arithmetic device113 in advance, and the energy assumes a positive or negative valueaccording to the setting of the polarity of the current probe. The signof the energy and the magnitude of the calculated energy are displayedon the display 114 or the like.

(e) The propagation direction of the interference is visually specifiedfrom the result of the display. Alternatively, the CPU can determine thepropagation direction of the interference from the sign indicative ofthe direction of the energy and the magnitude of the energy bothobtained in paragraph (d).

Now, the display of the interference energy on the display 114 asdefined in paragraph (d) is equivalent to one shown in FIG. 12, forexample. In FIG. 12, the frequency is represented on the abscissa, andthe power of the energy along with its sign is represented on theordinate. Since a plurality of interferences normally have theirindividual frequency spectrums, they can be identified by analyzingtheir individual frequency spectrums. Even when, for example, twointerferences are found to have invaded from different routesrespectively, they can be separated by focusing attention on thefrequency components thereof as shown in the display of the energy inthe frequency domain, whereby the invading routes of the twointerferences can be determined. A value (total power) obtained byadding together the energies at every frequency component can bedisplayed at the top of the display screen. As can be seen from theexample shown in FIG. 12, the interference is likely to have bothpositive and negative values side-by-side.

Namely, according to the method of measuring the electro magneticinterference source, wherein the effective component of the energy ofeach propagating interference is calculated from the electromagneticinterference voltage and current induced in each cable or the like, andwherein the propagation direction of the electromagnetic interference isspecified from the magnitude and flow of the energy, the waveforms ofthe interference voltage and current in the time domain are measured.The measured voltage waveform v(t) and current waveform i(t) aretransformed from the data in the time domain to the data in thefrequency domain, and then the respective frequency components of theinterference are determined. Further, the effective component of theenergy is calculated at each frequency component. As a result, theplurality of interferences can be separated from the energy, and therebythe propagation direction of each interference can be specified.

As described above, the propagation direction of each interference canbe easily determined by measuring the voltages and currents supplied tothe plurality of cables and calculating the effective energies of theplurality of interferences from the waveforms of the voltages andcurrents so as to separate the respective interferences. Since thepropagation direction of each interference can be easily specified usingthe apparatus according to the present invention, the followingadvantageous effects can be brought about:

(1) The interference source can be easily specified so that the causecan be removed.

(2) Since the propagation direction of each interference becomesapparent, effective countermeasures against the interference can betaken.

(3) Since attention is focused on the effective components of theenergy, the present determination method of the interference invadingroute is not affected by resonance.

(4) Owing to the evaluation of the energy in the frequency domain, aplurality of interferences having frequency components different fromeach other can be separated, and then the invading route of eachinterference can be determined.

Further, the measurement of the voltage and current of the interferenceby the non-contact probe apparatuses makes it possible to specify thepropagation direction of each interference while the electronicequipment is in operation and without deactivating the equipment.

According to the fourth embodiment, as has been described above, thebehavior of each interference can be accurately grasped while theapparatus is in an operating state. The propagation direction of theelectromagnetic interference can be quantitatively specified accordingto the physical quantity. Further, the plurality of interferences can besearched by separation.

Fifth Embodiment

The fifth embodiment shows a further detailed example of the firstembodiment for making a decision as to the invading route of eachinterference in accordance with the procedure shown in FIG. 8. Thepresent embodiment utilizes the same construction as that shown in FIG.11. The entire processing is controlled by the CPU 115. FIG. 13 andFIGS. 14A and 14B respectively show energy calculating flowcharts usedin the fifth embodiment.

Referring to FIG. 13, Steps S1 through S5 are similar to those shown inFIG. 8, and their description will therefore be omitted. It is judged atStep S6 whether the number of cables measured has reached the number ofall cables n. If the answer is found to be Yes at Step S6, then theroutine procedure proceeds to the next Steps S7 and S8 in FIG. 14A.Here, the magnitude of the energy is evaluated based on the sum of thefrequency components.

In FIGS. 14A and 14B, especially in FIG. 14A, a decision is made as tothe sign of the energy propagated through each cable at Step S7. In thefollowing description, it is assumed that the polarity of the currentprobe apparatus is positive when the interference current flows into theequipment. If the energy is found to be positive at Step S7, then thepropagation direction of the energy is judged as the entrance directioninto the equipment. If the energy is found to be negative at Step S7,then the propagation direction of the energy is judged as the exitdirection from the equipment.

At Step S8, a comparison is made between the energies appearing in therespective cables. To perform the comparison therebetween, the energy isfirst normalized at the maximum value. A threshold Pt is set forcomparison of the magnitude of the energy. If the energy is greater thanthe threshold Pt, it is then regarded as a large value. On the otherhand, if the energy is less than or equal to the threshold Pt, it isthen regarded as a small value.

At the next Step S9, a combination of the sign and magnitude of theenergy, which has been determined at Steps S7 and S8, is classified asany of Cases 1 through 10 shown in FIGS. 15A through 15J. When thecombination falls into either Case 1 or 4, then the routine procedureproceeds to Step S10 in FIG. 14B. if the combination falls into Case 6,then the routine procedure proceeds to Step S11 in FIG. 14B. If thecombination falls into either Case 2 or 5, then the routine procedureproceeds to S12. Further, if the combination falls into Case 3, 7, 8, 9or 10, then the routine procedure proceeds to Step S13 in FIG. 14B.Referring to FIGS. 15A through 15J, 1, 2, . . . , n respectivelyindicate cable numbers. These Cases 1 through 10 are summarized in thefollowing Table 1.

                  TABLE 1                                                         ______________________________________                                                   Combination of magnitude and direction                             Case       (sign) of energy                                                   ______________________________________                                        1          A large value exists on the positive side                          2          Several large values exist on the positive                                    side                                                               3          Several large values exist on the negative                                    side                                                               4          Large values similar in level to each other                                   exist on the positive and negative sides                           5          Several large values similar in level to                                      each other exist on the positive and                                          negative sides respectively                                        6          Large values exist on the positive and                                        negative sides, and one on the negative side                                  is larger than that on the positive side                           7          Small values similar in level to each other                                   exist on the positive side alone                                   8          Small values similar in level to each other                                   exist on the negative side alone                                   9          Many large values exist on the positive and                                   negative sides                                                     10         Small values similar in level to each other                                   exist on the positive and negative sides                           ______________________________________                                    

At the next Steps S14, S15 and S16 in FIG. 14B, shifted respectivelyfrom the Case selection at Steps S10, S11 and S12, the cable isspecified in which the sign of the energy propagated therethrough isjudged as positive and the magnitude of the energy is at maximum. AtStep S17, the cable number specified at Step S14 is output in the formof a display or print. At Step S18, the number of the cable specified atStep S15 is output, and a warning to the effect that "the negative valueis larger than the positive value" is also output. At Step S19, thenumber of the cable specified at Step S16 is output, and a warning tothe effect that "it is necessary to examine the spacing between aplurality of cables" is also output. Because there is the possibilitythat interference is induced from the same interference source in aplurality of cables when the spacing between the cables is narrow, thespacing between the cables is in need of checking.

At the next Step S20 shifted from the Case selection at Step S13,instructions for both the impossibility of determination of thepropagation direction of the interference and the re-measurement ofpower are output.

Sixth Embodiments

FIG. 16 shows one example of a further specific procedure fordetermining the propagation direction of energy in the frequency domain,which is executed in the fourth embodiment for specifying the invadingroutes of the plurality of interferences. When it is desired tocalculate the energy for each frequency after completion of theprocesses from Step S1 to Step S4 in FIG. 13, the procedure proceeds toStep S1 shown in FIG. 16. At Step S1, the energy for each frequency iscalculated from a computational expression shown in the drawing. At thenext Step S2, the process shown in FIG. 14 is applied to each frequencycomponent respectively, and then data about the m energy components isthereby used to make a decision as to the propagation direction of theinterference for each frequency. Based on the result of this decision,the number of the cable specified at each frequency spectrum is output.

Seventh Embodiment

FIG. 18 shows one example of a non-contact voltage probe apparatusaccording to the present invention. In FIG. 18, the same elements ofstructure as those shown in FIG. 17A will be identified by likereference numerals.

In FIG. 18, reference numeral 201 indicates a non-contact electrode fordetecting a voltage applied to the cable 220 under non-contact, whichincludes a cylindrical inner electrode 201A for allowing a cable 220 torun therethrough and a coaxial cylindrical outer electrode 201B providedcoaxially with the inner electrode 201A so as to surround it. Referencenumeral 202 indicates a fixing jig made of an insulating material forfixing the cable 220 to the inside of the cylindrical inner electrode201A. Reference numeral 203 indicates a high input impedance voltageprobe capable of being composed of a high input impedance voltagedetecting circuit using active elements (e.g., transistor, FET, etc.).

The non-contact voltage probe apparatus has a connecting conductive lineor connecting terminal 210 for electrically connecting the coaxialcylindrical outer electrode 201B to ground of the high input impedancevoltage probe 203 and grounding the coaxial cylindrical outer electrode201B. The provision of the connecting terminal 210 prevents a change inthe sensitivity of the probe due to a change in the capacitance betweenthe cylindrical inner electrode 201A and a metal body 230 providedtherearound and/or the influence of a voltage applied to the surroundingcable 221. The interposition of a plastic or foamed material having lowdielectric constant between the cylindrical inner electrode 201A and thecoaxial cylindrical outer electrode 201B permits a reduction in thecapacitance between the cylindrical inner electrode 201A and the coaxialcylindrical outer electrode 201B and an improvement in the sensitivityof the probe.

In the case where the connecting terminal 210 cannot be connecteddirectly to ground, a metal plate is disposed under the entirenon-contact voltage probe apparatus, and the connecting terminal 210 iselectrically connected to the metal plate. As a result, the coaxialcylindrical outer electrode 201B is electrically connected to ground sothat the capacitance is interposed between the metal plate and thecoaxial cylindrical outer electrode 201B.

Reference numeral 204 indicates a level meter. The level meter 204 maybe one such as an oscilloscope if it can be used as a device formeasuring a voltage. Alternatively, the measuring device 23 shown inFIG. 1 or the searching apparatus 101 shown in FIG. 11 may be used. Thenon-contact voltage probe apparatus shown in FIG. 18 takes out orextracts a change in the voltage supplied to the cable 220 by thecapacitive coupling between the cable 220 and the cylindrical innerelectrode 201A. A conductor having high conductivity, such as copper,aluminum or the like is used as a material for the coaxial cylindricalouter electrode 201B. Further, the jig 202 for fixing the cable 220 ismade of an insulating material and keeps constant the distance betweenthe cable 220 running into the cylindrical inner electrode 201A and thecylindrical inner electrode 201A so that the capacitance between thecylindrical inner electrode 201A and the cable 220 is held constant. Ifa voltage probe, whose input impedance is represented by a parallelcircuit composed of a resistance and a capacitance, is used as the highinput impedance voltage probe 203, then a substantially flatcharacteristic is obtained in the case of a cutoff frequency or higher.

Now consider that a voltage V is developed between the cable 220 runninginto the cylindrical inner electrode 201A and ground (the voltage V isgiven by a power source 205 in the drawing). At this time, the cable 220and the cylindrical inner electrode 201A are placed under capacitivecoupling. The degree of coupling that exists between the cable 220 andthe cylindrical inner electrode 201A, i.e., a capacitance C between thecable 220 and the cylindrical inner electrode 201A, can be approximatedby the following equation (5):

    C=2π.di-elect cons..sub.o .di-elect cons..sub.r l/log.sub.e (b/a)(5)

where .di-elect cons._(o), .di-elect cons._(r), a, b and l respectivelyindicate dielectric constant in a vacuum, the relative dielectricconstant of the jig 202, the conductor outer diameter of the cable 202running into the cylindrical inner electrode 201A, the inside diameterof the cylindrical inner electrode 201A and the length of each of thecylindrical electrodes 201A and 201B. Further, a capacitance Cs betweenthe cylindrical inner electrode 201A and the coaxial cylindrical outerelectrode 201B is similarly approximated by the following equation (6):

    C=2π.di-elect cons..sub.o .di-elect cons..sub.r l/log.sub.e (d/c)(6)

where c, d and l respectively indicate the outside diameter of thecylindrical inner electrode 201A, the inside diameter of the cylindricalouter electrode 201B and the lengths of the cylindrical electrodes 201Aand 201B.

Assuming now that the input resistance and capacitance of the high inputimpedance voltage probe 203 are R_(p) and C_(p) respectively, thenon-contact voltage probe apparatus is represented as an equivalentcircuit shown in FIG. 19. In FIG. 19, reference numeral 205 indicatesthe voltage source that simulates the voltage V induced between cable220 and ground. Reference numeral 206 indicates the capacitance Cbetween the cable 220 and the cylindrical inner electrode 201A.Reference numeral 207 indicates the capacitance C_(s) between thecylindrical inner electrode 201A and the cylindrical outer electrode201B. Further, reference numerals 208 and 209 respectively indicate theinput resistance R_(p) and input capacitance C_(p) of the high inputimpedance voltage probe 203. An output voltage measured by the levelmeter 204 through the equivalent circuit, i.e., a voltage V_(p) obtainedacross terminals of R_(p) or C_(p) in the equivalent circuit is given bythe following equation:

    V.sub.p =jωCR.sub. /{1+jωR.sub.p (C+C.sub.p +C.sub.s)}×V(7)

For the frequency range of ωR_(p) (C+C_(p))>>1, the output voltage V_(p)of the probe 203 is given by the following equation:

    V.sub.p =C/(C+C.sub.p +C.sub.s)×V                    (8)

Thus, flat sensitivity is obtained and is independent of the frequency.

Since the cylindrical outer electrode 201B is externally provided andgrounded, the non-contact voltage probe apparatus according to thepresent invention can eliminate an influence exerted from the outside ascompared with the conventional non-contact voltage probe apparatus. FIG.17D showing an equivalent circuit of a probe apparatus according to thepresent invention corresponds to FIG. 17C showing an equivalent circuitof the conventional non-contact voltage probe apparatus which has takeninto account ambient influences. The equivalent circuit shown in FIG.17D is equal to the equivalent circuit illustrated in FIG. 19. It isunderstood that C_(x), C_(q) and V_(x) that lead to errors can beremoved from the equivalent circuit shown in FIG. 17D by grounding thecylindrical outer electrode 201B.

Eighth Embodiments

FIGS. 20A and 20B are respectively plane and cross-sectional viewsschematically showing the configuration of an eighth embodiment of anon-contact voltage probe apparatus according to the present invention.FIGS. 21A and 21B are respectively cross-sectional views taken alongline 20 a-a' shown in FIG. 20B. In FIGS. 20A and 20B and FIGS. 21A and21B, reference numerals 211 and 212 respectively indicate two pairs ofsemicylindrical electrode half-cut portions obtained by dividing theelectrode structure shown in FIG. 18 in half. The electrode structureshown in FIG. 18 is formed by electrically and mechanically joiningthese half portions 211 and 212 to each other. Reference numeral 202indicates a fixing jig made of a foamed material, for fixing a cable 220running into an inner electrode 201A. Reference numeral 213 indicates afitment for fixing the two semicylindrical electrodes 211 and 212 in theform of a cylinder. Reference numerals 214 indicate fittings (hinges)for mechanically tightening the two semicylindrical electrodes 211 and212 and electrically connecting them to each other.

The capacitance intended for the coupling of the cylindrical innerelectrode 201A and the cable 220 to be measured is calculated fromequation (5). In the present embodiment, copper is used as the materialfor each of the electrodes 201A and 201B. However, a material other thancopper may be used if its conductivity is high.

Owing to the use of a material easy to elastically deform, the cablefixing jig 202 can fix the cable 220 to the neighborhood of the centerof the cylindrical inner electrode 201A regardless of the diameter ofthe cable 202 extending into the inner electrode 201A. In the presentembodiment, a sponge made of rubber is used as the material for thefixing jig 202. However, other material such as polyurethane or the likemay be used if it is a formable material similar to the sponge. Further,a plate spring made of plastic may be used as an alternative to theformable material.

Referring to FIG. 21B, a lead wire or conductor 215 that enduresrepetitive flexion is provided between the half-divided inner electrodes201A to ensure electrical connections between the inner electrodes 201A.

FIG. 22 shows a frequency response of the non-contact voltage probeapparatus illustrative of the eighth embodiment. It is thus possible toconfirm the present probe apparatus as a wide-band probe having afrequency response flat on frequencies above 10 kHz.

Ninth Embodiment

A ninth embodiment shows a non-contact voltage probe apparatus wherein acylindrical outer electrode 201B is provided with a voltage detectingcircuit 216 from which a voltage can be transmitted through a coaxialcable or the like terminated with a coaxial connector 217. A centralconductor 217A of the coaxial connector 217 is electrically connected toan electrode 201A, and an outer conductor 217B thereof is electricallyconnected to an electrode 201B. An amplifier may be attached to thevoltage detecting circuit 216. The present embodiment can reduceparasitic inductance and capacitance occurring in a ground wire of ahigh input impedance probe in a high frequency region and hence providethat the probe apparatus has a flat response in a broad frequency range.

Since the cylindrical outer electrode 201B is coaxially provided outsidethe cylindrical inner electrode 201A, which provides the capacitivecoupling to the cable 220, and since the outer electrode 201B isgrounded, the sensitivity of the probe 203 can be prevented from varyingwith a change in the capacitance between the cylindrical inner electrode201A and a ground metal 230, such as surrounding reinforced bars or thelike. If only the cylindrical inner electrode 201A is used when thevoltage is developed in a surrounding cable 221 or the like, then thecapacitive coupling therebetween, which is due to the voltage in thesurrounding cable, influences the measurement of the cable, which ismeasured with the cylindrical inner electrode 201A. However, thisinfluence can be lessened by using the cylindrical outer electrode 201B.

In order to fix a distance between the inner electrode 201A and theouter electrode 201B at a constant value, a supporting member isdisposed therebetween. If the dielectric constant of the material of thesupporting member is high, the capacitance between the cylindrical innerelectrode 201A and the cylindrical outer electrode 201B is increased, sothat the sensitivity of the probe 203 is reduced. Therefore, such aproblem can be solved by providing a plastic or foamed material havinglow dielectric constant as the supporting member between the cylindricalinner electrode 201A and the cylindrical outer electrode 201B, and hencedecreasing the capacitance between the electrodes 201A and 201B.

When a movable part is desired, the divided electrode structure in theembodiments shown in FIGS. 20A, 20B, 21A, 21B and 23B is used to easilyattach the cable 220 to be measured to the non-contact voltage probeapparatus of the present invention. In this case, it is necessary toelectrically and mechanically connect the electrodes to one another in astable condition. To solve such a problem, the conductor 215, which isexcellent in flexibility and endures repetition and flexion, isconnected to the movable part to reliably connect both electrodes 201Ato one another.

To obtain the same effect as described above, the semi-cylindricalelectrode 211 may be press-fit on the semicylindrical electrode 212 withthe hinges 214.

In order to reduce errors produced from the externally-incominginterference and enhance the sensitivity by reducing the capacitance ofthe probe 203, a high input impedance voltage detecting circuit such asa FET or the like may be attached to the coaxial cylindrical innerelectrode as an alternative to the high input impedance voltage probe203.

According to the seventh, eighth and ninth embodiments, the voltageapplied to the cable 220 is detected by the capacitive couplingdetermined according to the sizes of the cable 220 and the cylindricalinner electrode 201A and the distance therebetween. The sensitivity ofthe probe apparatus is determined by the ratio of the capacitance forthe coupling of the cable 220 and the cylindrical inner electrode 201A,the capacitance between the cylindrical inner electrode 201A and thecylindrical outer electrode 201B, and the input impedance of the voltageprobe 203.

According to the seventh, eighth and ninth embodiments, as has beendescribed above, since the cylindrical electrodes are coaxially providedon a double basis, it is possible to eliminate the influence of thevoltage developed in the surrounding metal body or the like and stablymeasure the voltage applied to the cable in good reproducibility.Further, since the voltage is measured under the non-contact state, thevoltage developed across the measuring cable conductor can be measuredwithout any damage to the cable and without influencing the service.Accordingly, the present invention is effective in, for example,measuring conducted electromagnetic noise under the operating state.

While the present invention has been described with reference to theillustrative embodiments, this description is not intended to beconstrued in a limiting sense. Various modifications of the illustrativeembodiments, as well as other embodiments of the invention, will beapparent to those skilled in the art on reference to this description.It is therefore contemplated that the appended claims will cover anysuch modifications or embodiments as fall within the true scope of theinvention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of specifying invading routes ofelectromagnetic interference, comprising the steps of:measuring voltagesand currents of the electromagnetic interference developed in each of aplurality of cables electrically connected to pieces of electronicequipment by voltage and current probes, respectively; calculating aneffective component of energy of the electromagnetic interference ineach of said cables from the result of said measurements; and specifyingan invading route of the electromagnetic interference from a directionin which a calculated energy flows.
 2. A method as claimed in claim 1,wherein the invading route of each electromagnetic interference isspecified based on a magnitude of the energy calculated for said eachcable and the direction of flow of the energy.
 3. A method as claimed inclaim 1, wherein (1) in the case that a polarity of said current probeis so determined that said current probe generates a positive output inresponse to the electromagnetic interference entering into saidelectronic equipment,when a sign of the energy calculated for a givencable of said plurality of cables is positive, the electromagneticinterference is determined as being propagated through said cable in thedirection in which the electromagnetic interference enters into saidelectronic equipment, and when the sign of the energy is negative, theelectromagnetic interference is determined as being propagated throughsaid cable in the direction in which the electromagnetic interferenceexits from said electronic equipment; and (2) in the case that thepolarity of said current probe is so determined that said current probegenerates a positive output in response to the electromagneticinterference exiting from said electronic equipment, when the sign ofthe energy calculated for a given cable of said plurality of cables ispositive, the electromagnetic interference is determined as beingpropagated through said cable in the direction in which theelectromagnetic interference exists from said electronic equipment, andwhen the sign of the energy is negative, the electromagneticinterference is determined as being propagated through said cable in thedirection in which the electromagnetic interference enters into saidelectronic equipment.
 4. A method as claimed in claim 2, wherein it isdetermined that the electromagnetic interference invades a cable inwhich the magnitude of the calculated energy is at maximum, and throughwhich said calculated energy propagates toward said electronicequipment.
 5. A method according to claim 1, wherein the voltage andcurrent of each electromagnetic interference are respectively measuredby non-contact voltage and current probes so as to allow theelectromagnetic interference invading route to be specified when saidelectronic equipment is in operation.
 6. A method as claimed in claim 1,wherein waveforms of a voltage v(t) and a current i(t) of eachelectronic electromagnetic interference are measured in a time domainand the energy of the interference is calculated from the followingcomputational expression, using the measured voltage waveform v(t) andcurrent waveform i(t): ##EQU9## where V(ω_(i)) and I (ω_(i))respectively indicate complex Fourier-transformed components calculatedfrom the measured waveforms of voltage v(t) and current i(t), and *indicate the complex conjugate thereof.
 7. A method according to claim1, wherein an absolute value of a voltage and a current of eachelectromagnetic interference and a phase difference between said voltageand current are measured and the energy of the interference iscalculated from the following computational expression, using themeasured voltage V(ω) and current I(ω): ##EQU10## where V(ω_(i)) andI(ω_(i)) respectively indicate voltage and current components of ameasured frequency. ω_(i) of electromagnetic interference, and *indicate the complex conjugate thereof.
 8. A method as claimed in claim1, wherein the value of the energy of each electromagnetic interferenceis determined by the following computational expression:

    ∫Jv(t)i(t)dt,

where v(t) and i(t) are waveforms of the measured voltage and currentrespectively.
 9. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the energy ofeach electromagnetic interference is measured by a power measuringdevice.
 10. A method as claimed in claim 5, wherein when a sign of thecalculated energy is positive, the energy flow is determined as beingpropagated in the direction of polarity identical to the polarity of thecurrent probe, and when the sign of the calculated energy is negative,the energy flow is determined as being propagated in the direction ofpolarity opposite to the polarity of the current probe.
 11. A method asclaimed in claim 5, wherein when a sign of the calculated energy ispositive, the energy is determined as being propagated in the directionidentical to the polarity of the current probe, when the sign of theenergy is negative, the energy is determined as being propagated in thedirection of polarity opposite to the polarity of the current probe, anda route extending in the direction of entrance of the energy into theequipment to which the energy propagates under a maximum magnitude ofenergy, is determined to be an invading route.
 12. A method as claimedin claim 8, wherein a route extending in the direction of entrance ofthe energy into the equipment to which the energy propagates under amaximum magnitude of energy, is determined to be an invading route. 13.An apparatus for searching for an electromagnetic interference source,comprising:a plurality of non-contact voltage probes respectivelyconnected in non-contact relationships with a plurality of cablesconnected to pieces of electronic equipment; a plurality of non-contactcurrent probes respectively connected in non-contact relationships withthe plurality of cables; means for inputting therein a voltage and acurrent of the electromagnetic interference source both measured byvoltage and current probes connected to the same cable of said pluralityof cables and calculating an effective component of energy of eachelectromagnetic interference source; and means for specifying aninvading route of each electromagnetic interference source from adirection in which a calculated energy flows.
 14. An apparatus asclaimed in claim 13, further comprising:means for specifying an invadingroute of the electromagnetic interference source from a magnitude ofeach calculated energy and the direction of flow thereof.
 15. Anapparatus as claimed in claim 13, wherein said specifying means furtherincludes means for determining the electromagnetic interference sourceas being propagated through a given cable of said plurality of cables(1) in the case that a polarity of said current probe is so determinedthat said current probe generates a positive output in response to theelectromagnetic interference entering into said electronicequipment,when a sign of the energy calculated for a given cable of saidplurality of cables is positive, the electromagnetic interference isdetermined as being propagated through said cable in the direction inwhich the electromagnetic interference enters into said electronicequipment, and when the sign of the energy is negative, theelectromagnetic interference is determined as being propagated throughsaid cable in the direction in which the electromagnetic interferenceexits from said electronic equipment; and (2) in the case that thepolarity of said current probe is so determined that said current probegenerates a positive output in response to the electromagneticinterference exiting from said electronic equipment, when the sign ofthe energy calculated for a given cable of said plurality of cables ispositive, the electromagnetic interference is determined as beingpropagated through said cable in the direction in which theelectromagnetic interference exits from said electronic equipment, andwhen the sign of the energy is negative, the electromagneticinterference is determined as being propagated through said cable in thedirection in which the electromagnetic interference enters into saidelectronic equipment.
 16. An apparatus as claimed in claim 14, furthercomprising:means for determining that the electromagnetic interferenceinvades a cable in which the magnitude of the calculated energy is at amaximum, and through which said calculated energy propagates toward saidelectronic equipment.
 17. An apparatus as claimed in claim 13, whereinwaveforms of a voltage and a current of each electromagneticinterference source are measured in a time domain by the voltage andcurrent probes connected to each cable and the energy of theelectromagnetic interference source is calculated from the followingcomputational expression, using a voltage wave v(t) and a currentwaveform i(t) measured by said voltage and current probes: ##EQU11##where V(ω_(i)) and I(ω_(i)) respectively indicate complexFourier-transformed components calculated from the measured waveforms ofvoltage v(t) and current i(t), and * indicate the complex conjugatethereof.
 18. An apparatus as claimed in claim 13, furthercomprising:means for measuring waveforms v(t) and i(t) of a voltage anda current of each electromagnetic interference source in a time domainby said voltage and current probes and converting the measured waveformsv(t) and i(t) from those in the time domain to those in a frequencydomain by Fourier transformation thereby to obtain a voltage V(ω) and acurrent I(ω); and wherein the energy of the electromagnetic interferencesource is calculated from the following computational expression usingthe voltage V(O) and the current I(ω) by said calculating means:##EQU12## where V(ω_(i)) and I(ω_(i)) respectively indicate voltage andcurrent components of a frequency ω_(i) of the electromagneticinterference source, and * indicate the complex conjugate thereof. 19.An apparatus as claimed in claim 13, further comprising:at least onemeans for measuring an absolute value of the voltage and current of eachelectromagnetic interference source in a frequency domain and a phasedifference between the voltage and current, said measuring meansincluding:a non-contact voltage probe connected in a non-contactrelationship with a cable connected to a piece of electronic equipment;a non-contact current probe connected in a non-contact relationship withthe cable; and means for inputting therein a voltage and a current ofeach electromagnetic interference source, both measured by the voltageand current probes connected to the same cable of said plurality ofcables; means for calculating the energy of the electromagneticinterference source from the following computational expression based onthe measured absolute values and phase difference: ##EQU13## whereV(ω_(i)) and I(ω_(i)) respectively indicate voltage and currentcomponents of a measured frequency ω_(i) of the electromagneticinterference source, and * indicate the complex conjugate thereof; andmeans for specifying an invading route of the electromagneticinterference source from the direction in which the calculated energyflows.
 20. An apparatus as claimed in claim 13, wherein the energy ofthe electromagnetic interference source is determined from the followingcomputational expression by said calculating means based on waveformsv(t) and i(t) of the voltage and current of the electromagneticinterference source both measured in a time domain by said voltage andcurrent probes:

    ∫v(t)i(t)dt.


21. An apparatus as claimed in claim 13, further comprising:at least onepower measuring device for measuring the energy of the electromagneticinterference source, said power measuring device including:a non-contactvoltage probe connected in a non-contact relationship with a cableconnected to a piece of electronic equipment; a non-contact currentprobe connected in a non-contact relationship with the cable; and meansfor inputting therein a voltage and a current of each electromagneticinterference source both measured by voltage and current probesconnected to the same cable of said plurality of cables; and means forspecifying an invading route of the electromagnetic interference sourcefrom a direction in which a calculated energy flows.
 22. An apparatus asclaimed in claim 17, further comprising:means for displaying the energyof the electromagnetic interference source calculated by saidcalculating means in a form of a frequency spectrum.
 23. An apparatus asclaimed in claim 13, wherein said specifying means comprises means fordetermining the energy as being propagated in a direction identical to apolarity of the current probe when a sign of the calculated energy ispositive, determining the energy as being propagated in the directionopposite to the polarity of the current probe when the sign of theenergy is negative, and determining., as an invading route, a routeextending in the direction of entrance of the energy into the equipmentto which the energy propagates under a maximum magnitude of energy. 24.An apparatus as claimed in claim 20, wherein a route extending in adirection of entrance of the energy into the equipment to which theenergy propagates under a maximum magnitude of energy is determined tobe the invading route.
 25. An apparatus for searching for anelectromagnetic interference source, comprising:means for measuring, ina time domain, waveforms of a voltage v(t) and a current i(t) of theelectromagnetic interference source developed in each of cablesconnected to electronic equipment; means for recording measuredwaveforms of voltage and current therein; means for converting themeasured waveforms of voltage and current into waveforms of a voltageand a current in a frequency domain respectively; means for calculatingenergy for each frequency, based on the voltage and current waveforms inthe frequency domain; and means for displaying the calculated energy foreach frequency in the form of positive and negative polarities of theenergy and a magnitude thereof so as to correspond to coordinatesindicative of each frequency.
 26. An apparatus as claimed in claim 25,further comprising:means for determining the electromagneticinterference source as follows: (1) in the case that the polarity of acurrent probe is so determined that said current probe generates apositive output in response to the electromagnetic interference enteringinto said electronic equipment, when a sign of the calculated energy fora given cable of said plurality of cables at each frequency is positive,the electromagnetic interference is determined as being propagatedthrough said cable in a direction in which the electromagneticinterference enters into said electronic equipment, and when the sign ofthe energy is negative, the electromagnetic interference is determinedas being propagated through said cable in the direction in which theelectromagnetic interference exits from said electronic equipment; and(2) in the case that the polarity of said current probe is so determinedthat said current probe generates a positive output in response to theelectromagnetic interference exiting from said electronic equipment,when the sign of the energy calculated for a given cable of saidplurality of cables at each frequency is positive, the electromagneticinterference is determined as being propagated through said cable in thedirection in which the electromagnetic interference exits from saidelectronic equipment, and when the sign of the energy is negative, theelectromagnetic interference is determined as being propagated throughsaid cable in the direction in which the electromagnetic interferenceenters into said electronic equipment.
 27. An apparatus as claimed inclaim 25, wherein said measuring means has non-contact voltage andcurrent probes.
 28. An apparatus as claimed in claim 27, wherein thewaveforms of the voltage and current of the electromagnetic interferencesource are measured in the time domain by the voltage and current probesand the energy of the electromagnetic interference source is calculatedfrom the following computational expression, using a voltage wave v(t)and a current waveform i(t) measured by said calculating means:##EQU14## where V(ω_(i)) arid I(ω_(i)) respectively indicate complexFourier-transformed components calculated from the measured waveforms ofvoltage v(t) and current i(t), and * indicate the complex conjugatethereof.
 29. An apparatus as claimed in claim 27, furthercomprising:means for measuring waveforms v(t) and i(t) of the voltageand current of the electromagnetic interference source in the timedomain by said voltage and current probes and converting the measuredwaveforms v(t) and i(t) from data in the time domain to data in thefrequency domain by Fourier transformation thereby to obtain a voltageV(ω) and a current I(ω); and wherein the energy of the electromagneticinterference source is calculated from the following computationalexpression using the voltage V(ω) and the current I(ω) by saidcalculating means: ##EQU15## where V(ω_(i)) and I(ω_(i)) respectivelyindicate voltage and current components of a measured frequency ω_(i) ofthe electromagnetic interference source, and * indicate the complexconjugate thereof.